Therefore, the interactions between opioids/opioid receptors and HIV are important to investigate (Figure 1). For instance, the β-endorphin enhanced viral protein production and long terminal repeat (LTR) activation in microglia 40. Similarly, endomorphin-1 increased HIV expression in mixed glial/neuronal, as well as microglial, cell cultures 41, and dynorphin upregulated HIV expression in fetal brain co-cultures […]
